IS - (02). IT Concepts

1.1 - Overview of components

      ► Input ? - Convert data into electronic form (directly of  or networks through)

• Key board , Mouse

      ► Processing ? - Ability to process data & storage in primary storages.

• CPU , Mother Board , RAM

      ► Out put ? - Convert electronic informations into human understandable formats.

• Monitors , Printers

      ► Storages ? - Store data to use.

• Primary storages ? - Volatile.
• RAM
• Secondary Storage
• Hard Disk , Flash Drives

1.2 - CPU ? - Central Processing Unit.

      ► Arithmetic / Logic Unit (ALU) ? - Performs arithmetical and logical operations.

• Arithmetic ? - + , - , / , *
• Logical ? - > , < , =

      ► Control Unit ? - Control the flow of informations & instructions to run programs.data control between ALU and main memory.

      ► Registers ? - Store very small amounts of data & instructions for short time of period.

• Machine cycle time ? - execution of an instruction take place during machine cycle , how many instructions are executed in a second. (MIPS)
• Clock speed ? - Predetermined rate of a CPU to produce a series of electronic pulses. (MHz , GHz)
• World length ? -No of bits the CPU can process at a one time.
• Bus line width ? - No of bits a bus line (way of transfer data from CPU to other components) can transfer at a one time.

1.3 - Main Memory ? -(RAM , ROM , & Cache) Located close to CPU , Not inside the CPU , Series of chip sets which can store data in binary stream.

      ► RAM ? - Random Access Memory. It made of several storage locations which are Integrated Circuits , Them called as cells , Each cell has unique number called address , Randomly access , Volatile , Temporary stored.

      ► ROM ? - Read Only Memory , Data and instructions are stored in ROM permanently , Non volatile , Only can read , can not erase or modify. (Manufacture Data)

      ► Cache ? - CPU is much fast but not RAM. So cache memory chip is a bridge to transfer data between CPU and RAM to overcome of reducing of computer speed.

1.4 - Secondary storage? - Need of  permanent data storage overcome by these , Non volatile.

      ► Access methods

• Sequential access ? - Data must be accessed by pass the order of which it is stored. (Slow)
• Direct access ? - Data can accessed directly by passing a sequential order. (Fast)

      Magnetic tapes ? - Sequential access.
      Magnetic disks ? - Direct access.
      Disks

            Hard disks ? - Use stacks of rigid magnetic disks with sealed cover , having read / write headers to transfer data.

            Floppy disks ? - Magnetic disk with a case , Wants a drive to transfer data , Portable , Low capacity , Slow than hard disks.

            Optical disks ? - Removable disks which data read and write from using a laser beam , Usually 12cm , High durability , Low cost.

                   CD-ROM ? - Compact Disk Read Only Memory.
                   WORM ? - Write Once Read Meny.
                   RW-CD ? - Re-Writable CD

1.5 - Input Devices ? - Input devices allow user to enter data to the computer.

      ► Key board ? -Primary input device , Convert letters numbers and symbols into electrical signals.

      ► Pointing devices ? - Allow user to sense about a position in display of the monitor to computer.

                   Mouse
                   Track ball
                   Joy stick

      ► Voice / Speech recognition system ? - This allows user to enter voice or sounds as data to the computer.

                   Microphones

      ► Digital cameras ? - This allows to users enter image or video as data to the computer.

      ► Terminals ? - These are called as POS (Point Of Sales) devices , Use for data entering to the computer in another place , connect to computer using cables.

      ► Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) devices ? - Allow to read printed sheets letters.

      ► Light pens ? - Easy way to do drawings , hand writings and inject to computer.

      ► Touch sensitive screens ? - Allow touch sense in to the computer more easily.

      ► Scanning devices ? - Allow convert texts , drawings , photographs as data to the computer.

                   Graphic Scanners
                   Finger print scanners
                   Bar code scanners

1.6 - Out put devices ? -Allow users to get back informations from the computers.

      ► VDU ? - Visual Display Units.

• Monitor ? - These are create a graphical interface to users for view informations.
• CGA ? - Color Graphic Adapter.
• SVGA ? - Super Video Graphic Adapter

            Monitors Categorized as ,

                  Monochrome / Color 

                  CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) / LCD(Liquid Cristal Display)

      ► Printers & Plotters

• Printers ? - Put on paper what on your monitor.
• Plotters ? - High quality printouts on large papers , Able to move horizontally to draw complex continuous diagrams and graphics. 

      ► Computer Output Microfilm devices ? - Place data from computer directly on to microfilm for future use.


      ► Music devices ? - Speakers head phones and other sound generate devices.
    
2.2 - Types of CS

• Hand held computers
• Portable computers
• Thin client computers
• Desktop computers
• Work station computers
• Server computers
• Mainframe computers
• Super computers

2.3 - Software ? - Set of programs designed to coordinate  the activities & functions of the hardware and various programs through out the computer system.

      ► Types of Application Software ? - Application software gives organizations the ability to solve problems & perform specific activities and tasks.

• Proprietary ? - Solve unique or specific problem.

            Adv. - Meets user requirements , Provide flexibility in making modifications , Offers more control over the results.
            Dis Adv. - Can take a long time & cost to develop , More risk to features & Performance .

• Off-The-Shelf  ? - Application softwares that already developed and available in market with providing standard functions.Generally gets by ASPs (Application Service Provider).

            Adv. - Low initial cost , Low risk for failure , High quality , Without bugs , Well tested.
            Dis Adv. - May pay for never use features , May lack important features , May not match current work process.


      ► Application Software Based on Usage

• Personal Application Software
• Word Processing ? - Transformed process of writing
• MS Word , Lotus WordPro , Corel Word Perfect
• Spread Sheet Analysis ? - Useful for business analysis , planning , modelling numbers and calculations & relationships(formulas)
• MS Excel , Lotus 1-2-3
• Database applications ? - Store manipulating and retrieve data.
• MS Access , DBASE
• Graphic program ? - Develop presentations , illustrations , and drawings.
• MS PowerPoint , Lotus FreeLance , Corel Presentation
• Personal information managers ? - Help to manage day-today works , appointments , notes , reminds , contacts & other informations. Sending email facility.
• MS Out Look , Lotus Organizer
• Online information services ? - Allow connect a personal computer to the outside world.
• Software suits & integrated software packages ? - Collection of single application programs packed in a bundle. Work similarly.

Adv. - Easy to learn & use , icons and other resources are common

• MS Office , Lotus Smart Suit , Sun MS Star Office , Corel Word Perfect Office
• Other personal application software ? - Personal application software which used for special purposes.
• Turbo TAX , CaD
• Work-group application software ? - General purpose application that combines a variety of software features and functions to facilitate a collaboration.
• Lotus Notes , MS Exchange , Novell Groupware
• Enterprise application software ? - Aim to benifit an entire organization by improving cooperation & interaction between all departments and support to supply chain management.
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ? - Manage critical business operations. Even use Small to Medium Enterprises (SMUs) .

Adv. - Eliminating inefficient systems , improved data access for decision making , facilitate adoption of improved work process enable implementation of Supply Chain Management - SCM(To create a fast , efficient , and low cost network of business relationships.)

Dis-Adv. - High cost , employee resistance to change due to change of business process.

• Application software for Decision support & specialized purpose ? - These are include expert systems as well as AI applications.

2.4 . Programing Languages & Software

► Overview

People used languages to express ideas each other. Computers are not enough to intelligent for understand the human languages. It can only understandable language is binary language. So programming languages are used for communicate between human and computer. Functions of programming language provide instructions to the computer. Each programming language has a set of keywords , symbols and rules(syntax). Each programming language contains different characteristics or attributes.

• Java , Visual Basic , C++ , PASCAL 

      ► Evolution of Programming Language. ? - Users requirement are changed over the years. 

• First Generation CL ( 1940 s) ? - Use machine language/code , Had to be written in binary notations , depends on its CPU , Tedious & error prone in writing .
• Second Generation CL ( 1950 s) ? - Symbols are used to represent operation codes & storage locations , Called as Assembly Languages (Symbolic Language) , These represented symbols converted into machine language using program called Assembler , Complex than high level languages.
• Third Generation CL (1960 s) ? - Closer to English than before , Easy to learn , Must to translate these languages into machine languages , Two ways to do this translation.
• An Interpreter ? - Interpret one instruction to machine language & execute that , Again interpret next instruction & so on.

                                       Adv. - Easy to debug.

                                       Dis-Adv. - Slow than compile.

• Use a compiler ? - Entire high level language translate into machine code and stored in disk. After execute that file.

                                       Adv. - Fast than interpret

                            Ex. - Java , C++ , Visual Basic

• Forth Generation CL ( 1970 s) ? - Very closer to English than 3GLs , minimum codes.

                           Ex. - SQL 

• Beyond Fourth Generation CL  ? - Used to create AI or expert systems , Also called as natural languages.

                          Ex. - LISP , ProLog , MYCIN

• OOP Languages (Object Oriented Programing) ? - More efficient for programing graphic oriented user interfaces , Re-usability of object 

                                        Ex. - SmallTalk , Visual Basic .NET , C++ , Java

• Visual Languages ? - Reduce the need to write detailed programming statements.

                                        Ex. - Visual Basic , Visual C++

      ► Selecting a Programming  Language

• Batch Vs Real time programing
• Procedure Vs Non-Procedure Orientation
• PLs for business Vs Scientific Applications
• Low productivity Vs High productivity
• High error levels Vs Low error levels

2.5. Software Issues and Trends

      

      ► Software Bugs ? - Flow in a computer program that causes it to produce incorrect or inappropriate results , In Off-The-Shelf this may high.

    

      ► Copyright & Licenses ? - Copyright low gives owner of a work certain rights over it and illegal for the use the work as through they were its owner ,Comes from 18th century , Software vendors earn money through licenses , A license is a permission given by the copyright owner to another person.

• Usage based licenses
• Capacity based licenses
• Software as a network service
• Subscription licensing

      ► Open source Softwares ? - Freely available , Easy to modify , By OSI (Open source Initiative) 

             Ex. - SendMail , Apache , Linux Free BSD , Perl

                      

                       More companies are emerging to support to OSI

                       Ex. - RedHat for Linux , C2Net for Apache

      ► Software Upgrades ? - Upgrades are provide additional capacities and easy to users.

      ► Global Software Support ? - Huge companies have distribution problem over the word , This problem overcome by appointing third party distributors , Customers arrange licensing with vendor and third party distributor provide the distribution and support & invoicing services.

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COMPLETED SECOND LESSON

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WWW - (01). Introduction To The Internet

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SORRY FOR THE DELAY  . .  STILL UPDATING . . . .

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PCA - (01). Introduction to PC Applications

Applications ? - Computer programs are called as Application software.

Some applications are bundled as packages.

      Office Applications

      Graphic Design Applications

      Web Design Applications

      Desktop Publishing Applications

These all applications are running on the special software called Operating System.

Software ? -Computers intangibles called as software.

Operating System ? - The main software that gives a interface for a user to communicate with hardware devices.

            Manage hardware devices

            Manage and maintain disk file system

            Support Applications

Files and Folders in MS Windows

      Desktop ? - Very first screen is after login is named as Desktop.

      

      Main Directory of MS Windows ? - My Computer. It has Users document folder , Hard disk drives , Devices with removable storage

      Properties in MS Windows

      Some uses of Windows Explorer - Create , copy , paste , delete , move (cut and paste) , properties on files or folders

      Short cut Keys for Windows Explorer ? -

            

Files and Folders in Linux

      Linux ? - Open source Operating system that started in 1991.

      Linux Kernal ? - This and GNU tools use to create different distributions of Linux OSs.

            (i) Debian      (ii) Slackware      (iii) Red Hat

      Desktop ? - Desktop is a GUI for communicate with the Kernal.

            Ubuntu - gnome desktop (most popular and user friendly)

            Kubuntu - kde desktop

            Xubuntu - xfce desktop

      Main Directory of Linux ? - On Linux main directory starts with   / . It has five main directories named etc , dev , home , usr , var

            Normal users access only from $HOME directory.

            Only super users can modify other directories.

      Linux Commands ? 

• cd                change directory
• ls                  list files and folders
• mkdir           make directory
• touch            create a file
• mv               move or rename a file or directory
• rm               remove 
• rm -r           directory_name(removing directories)
• cat              display the content of file
• vim             view a file in new name
• cp               copy

      Linux GUI ? - copy , cut , delete , view properties

Open Office suit ? 

      OO writer         -             MS Word

      OO Impress      -             MS Power Point

      OO Calc           -             MS Excel

      OO Base           -             MS Access

Migration of Windows to Linux

      Photoshop                  -          GIMP

      Win Media Player     -          MPlayer

      3Ds Max                   -           Blender

      Dream Viewer           -          NVU

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COMPLETED FIRST LESSON

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